For many, cannabis is a modern phenomenon, primarily associated with counter-culture movements of the last century. Yet, the relationship between humans and the cannabis plant stretches back millennia, reaching into the very heart of ancient civilizations. From shamanistic rituals to medicinal remedies and even daily life, archaeological discoveries continue to reveal a sacred and utilitarian history of cannabis use across continents.
At DEADLY NUGS, we're fascinated by the enduring legacy of cannabis, and today, we're taking a deep dive into the historical records to trace its ancient roots. Prepare to uncover a past where cannabis was revered, utilized, and deeply integrated into the fabric of societies long forgotten.
Central Asia: The Earliest Smokers & Rituals
The most compelling and earliest direct evidence of cannabis smoking comes from Central Asia, specifically the burial mounds of the ancient Scythians.
- Pazyryk Burials (Siberia, 5th-3rd Century BCE): In the frozen tombs of the Pazyryk culture, archaeologists unearthed remarkably preserved artifacts, including wooden frames with leather coverings that formed tent-like structures. Inside these, they found bronze censers containing carbonized cannabis seeds and flower. Herodotus, the ancient Greek historian, even described the Scythians' practice of inhaling the smoke from burning cannabis in these tents for ritualistic purposes, suggesting a profound spiritual or communal use.
- Gold Bongs (Central Asia, 4th Century BCE): Even more striking are the elaborate solid gold bongs discovered in a Scythian burial mound in modern-day Russia. These exquisite artifacts, likely used by tribal chiefs, contained cannabis residue and opium, underscoring the plant's significance in elite rituals and possibly as a status symbol. (We explored this in our "History of the Bong" post!)
These finds suggest that cannabis was not just consumed, but was a central component of significant rituals, possibly for shamanistic journeys or communal bonding.
Ancient China: Medicine, Fiber, and Spiritual Practices
China holds one of the longest continuous histories of cannabis cultivation and use, dating back thousands of years.
- Neolithic Origins (c. 10,000 BCE): Evidence suggests cannabis was one of the earliest cultivated plants in China. Its strong fibers were used for textiles (hemp fabric), ropes, and paper – a critical part of their early economy.
- Early Medicine: The earliest known pharmacopoeia, the Shen Nung Ben Cao Jing (attributed to Emperor Shen Nung, c. 2737 BCE), mentions cannabis (Ma Fen) as a medicine for a variety of ailments, including pain, constipation, and menstrual issues. It was also noted for its psychoactive properties, described as allowing one to "see devils" or "talk with spirits," indicating its use in shamanic practices.
- Burial Rituals (Northwest China, 500 BCE): In the Jiayi cemetery, a skeleton of a shaman was found buried with 13 cannabis plants, suggesting their use in death rituals or as offerings for the afterlife.
In China, cannabis was a versatile plant, valued for both its practical applications in daily life and its profound role in traditional medicine and spiritual exploration.
India & The Vedic Period: Sacred Herb of the Gods
In India, cannabis has been revered for millennia, deeply interwoven with religious beliefs and spiritual practices.
- Atharva Veda (c. 1500 BCE): This ancient Hindu sacred text refers to cannabis (Bhang) as one of the five most sacred plants on Earth, describing it as a "source of happiness," a "joy-giver," and "liberator."
- Associated with Shiva: Cannabis is strongly associated with the deity Shiva, who is said to have consumed Bhang. Many Hindu ascetics (sadhus) still use cannabis (often in the form of charas or bhang) as an aid to meditation and achieving higher states of consciousness.
- Bhang: A traditional cannabis preparation, often consumed as a drink, made from ground cannabis leaves and flowers, spices, milk, and ghee. It's still consumed today, especially during festivals like Holi.
For Indians, cannabis was a divine gift, integral to spiritual enlightenment, religious ceremonies, and traditional medicine (Ayurveda).
Beyond Asia: Traces in Africa and Europe
- Ethiopia (c. 1100-1400 CE): As mentioned in our "History of the Bong" post, early water pipes containing cannabis residue were found in Ethiopia, suggesting a long history of use in Africa for social or ritualistic purposes.
- Ancient Egypt: While direct smoking evidence is less clear, cannabis pollen has been found on ancient mummies, and some texts suggest its medicinal use (e.g., for inflammation or eye problems) as far back as the 2nd millennium BCE.
- Europe (Roman Empire): Hemp was widely cultivated for fiber across the Roman Empire. There's also some archaeological evidence suggesting its use in medicinal preparations. The Germanic and Celtic tribes also show signs of cannabis use in their early histories.
The Enduring Legacy
The journey of cannabis through ancient civilizations reveals a plant that was far more than just a recreational intoxicant. It was a vital resource for textiles, a potent medicine, a spiritual aid, and an integral part of cultural rituals. These ancient artifacts and historical records paint a picture of a world where cannabis was understood, respected, and deeply integrated into human society.
As we continue to rediscover and re-evaluate cannabis in the modern era, understanding its profound historical roots can offer valuable context and inspire a renewed appreciation for this remarkable plant.
What ancient use of cannabis do you find most surprising or fascinating? Share your thoughts in the comments below!